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Return to Bibliography page. TERTIARY Axelrod, D.I. Axelrod, D.I. 1992. What is an equable climate? Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 91: 1-12. Axelrod, D.I. 1992. Climatic pulses, a major factor in legume evolution. In P.S. Herendeen and D.L. Dilcher (eds.), Advances in Legume Systematics: Part 4. The Fossil Record. pp. 259-279. Axelrod, D.I. 1992. Miocene floristic change at 15 Ma, Nevada to Washington. The Palaeobotanist 41: 34-39. Axelrod, D.I. 1993. A further contribution to closed-cone pine (Oocarpae) history. American Journal of Botany 80: 743-751. Axelrod, D.I., and H.E. Schorn. In Press. The 15 Ma floristic crisis at Gillam Spring, Washoe County, Nevada. PaleoBios 16(2). Basinger, J.F. Basinger, J.F., D.R. Greenwood, and T. Sweda. 1994. Early Tertiary vegetation of Arctic Canada and its relevance to paleoclimatic interpretation. In M.C. Boulter (ed.), Arctic plants and climates: 65 million years of change. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Greenwood, D.R. 1994. Palaeobotanical evidence for Tertiary climates. Ch. 4 In R.S. Hill (ed.), Australian vegetation: Cretaceous to Recent. pp. 44-59. Cambridge University Press. Greenwood, D.R., and J.F. Basinger. 1993. Stratigraphy and floristics of peat-coal layers of Eocene swamp forests from Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 31: 1914-1923. Greenwood, D.R., and J.F. Basinger. 1994. The paleoecology of high latitude Eocene swamp forests from Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian High Arctic. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 81: 83-97. Call, V.B. Call, V.B., S.R. Manchester and D.L. Dilcher. 1993. Wetherellia fruits and associated fossil plant remains from the Paleocene/Eocene Tuscahoma-Hachetigbee interval, Meridian, Mississippi. Mississippi Geology 14: 10-18. Cevallos-Ferriz, S.R.S. Cevallos-Ferriz, S.R.S. 1992. Tres maderas de gimnospermas Cretácicas del norte de México. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, serie Botánica 63: 111-137. Cevallos-Ferriz, S.R.S., and R. Weber. 1992. Dicotyledonous wood from the upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Coahuila. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituo de Geología, Revisita 10: 65-70. Magallón-Puebla, S., and S.R.S. Cevallos-Ferriz. 1993. A fossil earthstar (Geasteraceae; Gasteromycetes) from the late Cenozoic of Puebla, Mexico. American Journal of Botany 80: 1162-1167. Magallón-Puebla, S., and S.R.S. Cevallos-Ferriz. 1994. Eucommia constans. n.sp. fruits from upper Cenozoic strata of Puebla, Mexico: Morphological and anatomical comparison with Eucommia ulmoides Oliver. International Journal of Plant Science 155: 80-95. Collinson, M.E. Collinson, M.E. 1993. Taphonomy and fruiting biology of recent and fossil Nypa. Special Papers in Palaeontology 49: 165-180. Collinson, M.E., Boulter, M.C., and Holmes, P.R. 1993. Magnoliophyta ("Angiospermae") Chapter 45, p. 809-841. In M.J. Benton (ed.) The Fossil Record 2. Chapman and Hall, London, 864 pp. Collinson, M.E., and A.C. Scott. (eds.). 1993. Studies in palaeobotany and palynology in honour of Professor W.G. Chaloner, F.R.S. Special Papers in Palaeontology 49: 1187. Collinson, M.E., R.L. Singer, and J.J. Hooker. In Press. Vegetational change in the latest Eocene of southern England. In. Sarnuel, A., Snopkova, P., Suballyova, M., Sitar, V., Kvac[breve]ek, Z., Knobloch, E., and Konzalova, M. (eds.), Bulletin Symposia, Conferences, Seminars. Dionyz Stur Institute of Geology, Bratislava. Frewin, N.L., S.D. Killops, P.F. Van Bergen, J.W. De Leeuw, and M.E. Collinson. 1993. Preservational potential of biomacromolecules of higher plant cuticles in Florida Bay. pp. 566-569. In Oygard, K. (Ed). Organic Geochemistry: poster sessions from the 16th International meeting on organic geochemistry, Stavanger 1993. Falch Hurtigtrykk, Oslo. Manchester, S.R., M.E. Collinson, and K. Goth. In Press. Fruits of the Juglandaceae from the Eocene of Messel, Germany, and implications for early Tertiary phytogeographic exchange between Europe and western North America. International Journal of Plant Sciences 155. Pingen, M., D.K. Ferguson, and M.E. Collinson. In Press. Homolanthus costatus Mai: a new Miocene fruit of Cinnamomum Schaeffer (Lauraceae). Palaeontographica Abt. B. Van Bergen, P.F., Collinson, M.E., and De Leeuw, J.W. 1993. Chemical and microscopical aspects of preservation potential and taphonomy of fossil seeds. American Journal of Botany 80 (6, supplement): 95 [abstract]. Crane, P.R. Herendeen, P.S., and P.R. Crane. In Press. The fossil history of the monocotyledons. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Dilcher, D.L. Call, V.B., S.R. Manchester and D.L. Dilcher. 1993. Wetherellia fruits and associated fossil plant remains from the Paleocene/Eocene Tuscahoma-Hachetigbee interval, Meridian, Mississippi. Mississippi Geology 14: 10-18. Burgh, J. Van Der, H. Visscher, D.L. Dilcher and W.M. Kurschner. 1993. Paleoatmospheric signatures in Neogene fossil leaves. Science 260: 1788-1790. Gee, C.T. Schäfer, A., V. Mosbrugger, M. Abraham, A.R. Ashraf, G. Belz, C.T. Gee, G. Gross, H. Hager, D. Hilger, P. von der Hoeht, B. Petzelberget, T. Utescher, and B. Wutzler. 1992. The Cenozoic Lower Rhine Basin (Germany): tectonics, sedimentation, paleoecology, and sea level related stratigraphy. Proceedings of the Congress on Sequence Stratigraphy of European Basins in Dijon, Mai 1992. Mosbbrugger, V.,C.T. Gee, G. Belz and A.R. Ashraf. In Press. Three dimensional reconstruction of an in situ Miocene peat forest from the Lower Rhine Embayment, NW Germany--new methods in palaeoecological analysis. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. Greenwood, D.R. Basinger, J.F., D.R. Greenwood, and T. Sweda. 1994. Early Tertiary vegetation of Arctic Canada and its relevance to paleoclimatic interpretation. In M.C. Boulter (ed.) Arctic plants and climates: 65 million years of change. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Greenwood, D.R. 1994. Palaeobotanical evidence for Tertiary climates. In R.S. Hill (ed.), Australian vegetation: Cretaceous to Recent. pp. 44-59. Cambridge University Press. Greenwood, D.R., and J.F. Basinger. 1993. Stratigraphy and floristics of peat-coal layers of Eocene swamp forests from Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 31: 1914-1923. Greenwood, D.R., and J.F. Basinger. 1994. The paleoecology of high latitude Eocene swamp forests from Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian High Arctic. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 81: 83-97. Wing, S.L., and D.R. Greenwood. 1993. Fossils and fossil climates: the case for equable Eocene continental interiors. In Allen, J.R.L, B.J. Hoskins, B.W. Sellwood, and R.A. Spicer (eds.), Paleoclimates and their modelling with special reference to the Mesozoic Era. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B. Biological Sciences 341: 243-252. Herendeen, P.S. Herendeen, P.S., and P.R. Crane. In Press. The fossil history of the monocotyledons. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Johnson, K.R. Johnson, K.R. 1993. The geology and paleobotany of the Hell Creek and Lower Fort Union Formations in Slope and Bowman Counties, North Dakota. pp. 56-65 In A.J. Kihm and J.H. Hartman (eds.) The Marshall Lambert Symposium. North Dakota Geological Survey. LePage, B.A. LePage, B.A. 1993. The evolutionary history of Larix, Picea, and Pseudolarix (Pinaceae) based on fossils from the Buchanan Lake Formation, Axel Heiberg Island, N.W.T., Arctic Canada. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. LePage, B.A., and J. F. Basinger. In Press. The evolutionary history of the genus Larix (Pinaceae). United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Technical Bulletin. Magallón-Puebla, S. Magallón-Puebla, S., and S.R.S. Cevallos-Ferriz. 1993. A fossil earthstar (Geasteraceae; Gasteromycetes) from the late Cenozoic of Puebla, Mexico. American Journal of Botany 80: 1162-1167. Magallón-Puebla, S., and S.R.S. Cevallos-Ferriz. 1994. Eucommia constans. n.sp. fruits from upper Cenozoic strata of Puebla, Mexico: Morphological and anatomical comparison with Eucommia ulmoides Oliver. International Journal of Plant Science 155: 80-95. Manchester, S.R. Call, V.B., S.R. Manchester and D.L. Dilcher. 1993. Wetherellia fruits and associated fossil plant remains From the Paleocene/Eocene Tuscahoma-Hachetigbee interval, Meridian, Mississippi. Mississippi Geology 14: 10-18. Manchester, S.R. In Press. Inflorescence bracts of fossil and extant Tilia in North America, Europe and Asia: Patterns of morphologic divergence and biogeographic history. American Journal of Botany. Manchester, S.R. In Press. Fruits and seeds of the middle Eocene nut beds flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon. Paleontographica Americana. Ithaca, New York. 58: 1-224. Manchester, S.R., and W.J. Kress. 1993. Seeds of Ensete from the Eocene of western North America and their bearing on the phytogeographic history of Musaceae. American Journal of Botany. 80: 1264-1272. Manchester, S.R., M.E. Collinson, and K. Goth. In Press. Fruits of the Juglandaceae from the Eocene of Messel, Germany and implications for early Tertiary phytogeographic exchange between Europe and western North America. International Journal of Plant Sciences 155. McIver, E.E. McIver, E.E., and Basinger, J.F. 1993. Fossil flora of the Paleocene Ravenscrag Formation, southwestern Saskatchewan, Canada. Palaeontographica Canadiana, No. 10: 1-167. [GSA Publ., Dept. Earth Sciences, Memorial Univ., St. John's, NFL, Canada, AlB 3X5 ($47.00 + postage)] Pigg, K.B. Pigg, K.B., R.A. Stockey, and S.L. Maxwell. 1993. Paleomyrtinaea princetonensis gen. et sp. nov., permineralized myrtaceous fruits and seeds from the Princeton chert and related Myrtaceae from Almont, North Dakota. Canadian Journal of Botany 71: 1-90. Tegowski, B.J., and K.B. Pigg. 1993. Fossil investigations from the Middle Miocene Anderson Mine locality, Yavapai County, Arizona. In D. Boas and M. Dornan (eds.), Proceedings of the First Annual Symposium Fossils of Arizona. 86-91, Mesa Southwest Museum and Southwest Paleontological Society, Mesa, Arizona. Retallack, G.J. Bestland, E.A., and G.J. Retallack. 1993. Volcanically influenced calcareous paleosols from the Kiahera Formation, Rusinga Island, Kenya. Journal of the Geological Society of London 150: 293-310. Bestland, E.A., G.J. Retallack, and A. Mindszenty. 1993. Late Eocene lateritic paleosols in the upper Clarno and lower John Day Formations, Painted Hills area, central Oregon. Proceedings of the Oregon Academy of Sciences Meeting, Linfield 29: 35. Bestland, E.A., G.J. Retallack, A. Rice, and A. Mindszenty. In Press. Detrital lateritic paleosols developed along the margins of lava flows: examples from the late Eocene Clarno and John Day Formations, Painted Hills area, central Oregon. Abstracts of the 90th Annual Meeting of the Cordilleran Section of the Geological Society of America, San Bernadino. Bestland, E.A., G.J. Retallack, C.C. Swisher, and T. Fremd. 1993. Timing of cut-and-fill sequences in the John Day Formation (Eocene-Oligocene), Painted Hills area, central Oregon. Abstracts of the 89th Annual Meeting of the Cordilleran Section of the Geological Society of America, Reno 25: 9. Dugas, D.P., and G.J. Retallack. 1993. Middle Miocene fossil grasses from Fort Ternan, Kenya. Journal of Paleontology 67: 113-128. Retallack, G.J. 1993. Late Miocene global isotopic shift and expansion of tall grasslands. Abstracts of the 105th Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of America 25: A131. Retallack, G.J., E.A. Bestland, and T. Fremd. 1993. Reassessment of the age of fossil localities in the Clarno Retallack, G.J. In Press. A pedotype approach to latest Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary paleosols in eastern Montana. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America. Retallack, G.J. In Press. Paleosols of the Siwalik Group as a 15 Ma record of South Asian paleoclimate. In R. Korisettar (ed.), Essays in honour of S.N. Rajaguru. Retallack, G.J., E.A. Bestland, and D.P. Dugas. In Press. Miocene paleosols and habitats of Proconsul in Rusinga Island, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution. Retallack, G.J. 1993. Late Miocene global isotopic shift and expansion of tall grasslands. Abstracts of the 105th Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of America 25: A131. Retallack, G.J., E.A. Bestland, and T. Fremd. 1993. Reassessment of the age of fossil localities in the Clarno Formation, Hancock Field Station, Wheeler County, Oregon. Proceedings of the Oregon Academy of Sciences Meeting, Linfield 29: 34. Retallack, G.J., E. Bestland, T. Fremd, and C. Swisher. 1994. Reassessment of the age of Oligocene fossil localities in the Painted Hills of Oregon. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Oregon Academy of Sciences, Corvallis 30: 32. Stockey, R.A. Cevallos-Ferriz, S.R.S., D.M. Erwin and R.A. Stockey. 1993. Further observations on Paleorosa similkameenensis (Rosaceae) from the Middle Eocene Princeton chert of British Columbia, Canada. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 78: 277-291. Erwin, D.M., and R.A. Stockey. In Press. Permineralized monocotyledons from the Middle Eocene Princeton chert: Arecaceae. Palaeontographica Abt. B. Hoffman, G.L., and R.A. Stockey. 1994. Sporophytes, megaspores, and massulae of Azolla standleyi from the Paleocene Joffre Bridge locality, Alberta. Canadian Journal of Botany 72: 301-308. Pigg, K.B., R.A. Stockey and S.L. Maxwell. 1993. Paleomyrtinaea, a new genus of permineralized myrtaceous fruits and seeds from the Eocene of British Columbia and Paleocene of North Dakota. Canadian Journal of Botany 71: 1-9. Stockey, R.A., and K.B. Pigg. In Press. Vegetative growth of Eorhiza arnoldii Robison and Person from the Middle Eocene Princeton chert locality of British Columbia. International Journal of Plant Science. Wehr, W.C. Lewis, S.E., and W.C. Wehr. 1993. Fossil mayflies from Republic, Washington. Washington Geology 21: 35-37. Wehr, W.C. In Press. Eocene fossil plants of the Okanogan Highlands. Douglasia. Wehr, W.C. In Press. Middle Eocene insects and plants of the Okanogan Highlands. In Martin, J.E. (ed.), Contributions to the palkeontology and geology of the west coast: in honor of V. Standish Mallory. Burke Museum Research Report 6. Burke Museum Publications, Seattle, Washington. Willard, D.A. Dowsett, H. J., R.S. Thompson, J.A. Barron, T.M. Cronin, S.E. Ishman, R.Z. Poore, D.A.Willard, and T.R. Holtz, Jr. In Press. Paleoclimatic reconstruction of a warmer earth: PRISM Middle Pliocene Northern Hemisphere synthesis. Global and Planetary Change. Willard, D.A., T.M. Cronin, S.E. Ishman, and R.J. Litwin. 1993. Terrestrial and marine records of climate and environmental change during the Pliocene in subtropical Florida. Geology 21: 679-682. Wing, S.L. Wing, S.L., and D.R. Greenwood. 1993. Fossils and fossil climates: the case for equable Eocene continental interiors. In Allen, J.R.L, B.J. Hoskins, B.W. Sellwood, and R.A. Spicer (eds.), Paleoclimates and their modelling with special reference to the Mesozoic Era. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B. Biological Sciences 341: 243-252.